Couldn%27t convert string to float python - If you're reading a CSV file with any data, I highly recommend to use Pandas.This would help you to use the data with Neural Networks as well. (Install Pandas)Below snippet will load the CSV into Pandas 2-dimensional data type called DataFrame.

 
However you can convert the numeric string to float by typecasting it. For example: >>> number_string = '123.5' >>> float (number_string) 123.5. Now coming to your second part, for calculating the sum of number. Let say your are having the string of multiple numbers. Firstly .split () the list, type-cast each item to float and then calculate .... Inputs1122

ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'Null' # else, only a single dtype is given # _astype_nansafe works fine with 1-d only # TODO(extension) # Explicit copy, or required since NumPy can't view from / to object. We can use data types like int, float, string, list, set… in our applications. When using different types of variables, it may be necessary to convert these to different types. Just like the str () function, Python also offers a handy built-in function that takes an object of type String as an argument and returns the corresponding Float object.Fix ValueError: could not convert string to float. Solution 1: Ensure the string has a valid floating value. Solution 2: Use try-except. If you convert a string object into a floating-point in Python many times you will get a ValueError: could not convert string to float. Usually, this happens if the string object has an invalid floating value ...If you are writing a string literal constant in the source code and then explicitly converting it to integer or float, that's a sign of something wrong with the design. But even if it can be defended - just temporarily set the locale to the one the code is written in, for that context, and then restore the context appropriate to your users when ...Convert string to float object in python in python. Suppose we have a string ‘181.23’ as a Str object. To convert this to a floating-point number, i.e., float object, we will pass the string to the float() function. Which converts this string to a float and returns the float object. For example,If you are writing a string literal constant in the source code and then explicitly converting it to integer or float, that's a sign of something wrong with the design. But even if it can be defended - just temporarily set the locale to the one the code is written in, for that context, and then restore the context appropriate to your users when ...ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'D' I have tried: train=train.astype(float) Replacing all 'D' with another value. train.convert_objects(convert_numeric=True) But the issue still persists. I also tried printing all the valueErrors in my csv file, but cannot find a reference to 'D'. This is my trace:Jan 6, 2019 · Jan 6, 2019 at 21:32. As explained in the answer, ValueError: could not convert string to float can occur when reading a dataframe from a csv file and casting types df = df [ ['p']].astype ( {'p': float}). If the csv was recorded with empty spaces, python will not recognize the space characters. Jul 16, 2020 · Pythonは、コードの読みやすさが特徴的なプログラミング言語の1つです。 強い型付け、動的型付けに対応しており、後方互換性がないバージョン2系とバージョン3系が使用されています。 Jul 9, 2011 · If you are writing a string literal constant in the source code and then explicitly converting it to integer or float, that's a sign of something wrong with the design. But even if it can be defended - just temporarily set the locale to the one the code is written in, for that context, and then restore the context appropriate to your users when ... This article is aimed at providing information about converting the string to float. In Python, we can use float () to convert String to float. and we can use int () to convert a String to an integer. Input: "33.28" Output: 33.28 # float Explanation: int in input and float in output.Pythonは、コードの読みやすさが特徴的なプログラミング言語の1つです。 強い型付け、動的型付けに対応しており、後方互換性がないバージョン2系とバージョン3系が使用されています。Jan 6, 2019 · Jan 6, 2019 at 21:32. As explained in the answer, ValueError: could not convert string to float can occur when reading a dataframe from a csv file and casting types df = df [ ['p']].astype ( {'p': float}). If the csv was recorded with empty spaces, python will not recognize the space characters. Fix ValueError: could not convert string to float. Solution 1: Ensure the string has a valid floating value. Solution 2: Use try-except. If you convert a string object into a floating-point in Python many times you will get a ValueError: could not convert string to float. Usually, this happens if the string object has an invalid floating value ...Jun 10, 2018 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'Yes, policy' while fitting to my Logistic Regression Model 0 What is causing this ValueError: could not convert string to float: '' while using logisticRegr.fit(x_train, y_train) Apr 1, 2023 · Syntax. Python has different data types for a different set of values, Integers deals with numbers and float deals with both decimal and numeric characters, Boolean deals with Binary values ( True or False) and there are strings that could take alphanumeric values and python allows different data structures like list, Tuple, Dictionary & sets for working with different problems. Convert String to Float in Python. Below are 6 common and simple methods used to convert a string to float in python. 1) Using float() function. You can use the float() function to convert any data type into a floating-point number. This method only accepts one parameter. If you do not pass any argument, then the method returns 0.0.float('fd') # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "example.py", line 11, in <module> # ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fd' How to Solve ValueError: could not convert string to float. In order to solve it, you can use the try...except block.Aug 23, 2023 · STILL GOT QUERIES? Get a Live FREE Demo. Explore the trending and niche courses and learning maps; Learn about tuition fee, payment plans, and scholarships; Get access to webinars and self-paced learning videos Jul 9, 2011 · If you are writing a string literal constant in the source code and then explicitly converting it to integer or float, that's a sign of something wrong with the design. But even if it can be defended - just temporarily set the locale to the one the code is written in, for that context, and then restore the context appropriate to your users when ... Sep 20, 2017 · 5. As you guessed, ValueError: could not convert string to float: '13.75%' indicates that the % character blocks the convertion. Now when you try to remove it: df ['int_rate'] = df ['int_rate'].replace ("%","", inplace=True) You set inplace=True in your replacement, which as the name suggests changes the dataframe in-place, so replace () method ... Sep 20, 2017 · 5. As you guessed, ValueError: could not convert string to float: '13.75%' indicates that the % character blocks the convertion. Now when you try to remove it: df ['int_rate'] = df ['int_rate'].replace ("%","", inplace=True) You set inplace=True in your replacement, which as the name suggests changes the dataframe in-place, so replace () method ... f1 = float ( "123.123" ) # output: 123.123 f2 = float ( "1" ) # output: 1.0 f3 = float ( 1 ) # output: 1.0. As you can see the above strings were converted into a floating object. The only thing you should keep in mind is that the string should contain a numerical decimal or integer value, only then would the float function be able to convert ...Syntax. Python has different data types for a different set of values, Integers deals with numbers and float deals with both decimal and numeric characters, Boolean deals with Binary values ( True or False) and there are strings that could take alphanumeric values and python allows different data structures like list, Tuple, Dictionary & sets for working with different problems.Sep 23, 2021 · The machine cannot uderstand or work with string values. It only understands numeric values. So for example if you are doing a machine learning task, you would use libraries like OneHotEncoder, LabelEncoder etc to covert string values to numeric. For your case, you are working on a NLP task which uses text values instead of string values. FWIW, you can use the standard unicodedata module to get the name of each char in string that's behaving mysteriously. Eg, if the string is s do import unicodedata as ud print(*map(ud.name, s), sep=', ').Jan 3, 2023 · Let me clarify: The only table per file consists of four columns (time, temperature, humidity, dewpoint) and at some point (spanning roughly line 25 to 150 or so), only the value of humidity apparently is set to "--327", which python tries to convert to float and obviously fails to do. Here's the code. from numpy import asarray from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler scaler = MinMaxScaler (feature_range= (0,1)) rescaledX = scaler.fit_transform (X) and it always resulted in. ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'female'.You should change the order, right now you try to convert everything into floats, even blank spaces. while True: user_number = input ('Enter a number: ') if not user_number.isdigit (): print (number / count) break count += 1 number = number + float (user_number) Additionally, you should do the print of the average value before the break.I think np.loadtxt expects numbers so it does not know how to convert a value which starts with a ' (', I think you have two choices here: lines = [] with open ('datafile') as infile: for line in infile: line = line.rstrip (' ') [1:-1] # this removes first and last parentheses from the line lines.append ( [float (v) for v in line.split ...How to fix these errors . There are 4 methods to fix this issue. Those are: Remove all characters, and symbols, and extract only the number (using re) Remove leading and trailing unwanted characters (using `str.strip`) Replace the unnecessary character (s) with an empty string (using `str.replace`) Using try-catch logic.However OneHotEncoder does not support to fit_transform() of string. "ValueError: could not convert string to float" may happen during transform. You may use LabelEncoder to transfer from str to continuous numerical values. Then you are able to transfer by OneHotEncoder as you wish. The problem is related to the fact that the string '0' is not the same as the numeric 0. The empty string '' can not be converted into a float. I suggest you look into the fillna() function for pandas as a quick way to convert all of the empty strings to nulls, and perhaps also use the pandas .map() function to convert the '0' strings to floats.Jan 3, 2023 · Let me clarify: The only table per file consists of four columns (time, temperature, humidity, dewpoint) and at some point (spanning roughly line 25 to 150 or so), only the value of humidity apparently is set to "--327", which python tries to convert to float and obviously fails to do. with open ("n38bn.txt", r, encoding="utf-8") as file: # Open the file for the length of the width block numbers = [float (line.strip ()) for line in file] # For each line, strip, convert to float and add to list result = sum (numbers) # Sum the list print ("The sum is", result) This uses a list comprehension to build the list in one line, and ...Jul 26, 2021 · And I want to plot histogram using seaborn and column number_col. > import seaborn as sns > > sns.distplot (df, x='number_col') But I got this following error: ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'number_col'. I have no idea why this is happening, 'number_col' is already a float column. python. Convert string to float object in python in python. Suppose we have a string ‘181.23’ as a Str object. To convert this to a floating-point number, i.e., float object, we will pass the string to the float() function. Which converts this string to a float and returns the float object. For example,Jul 9, 2011 · If you are writing a string literal constant in the source code and then explicitly converting it to integer or float, that's a sign of something wrong with the design. But even if it can be defended - just temporarily set the locale to the one the code is written in, for that context, and then restore the context appropriate to your users when ... Jun 29, 2020 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'X_train' ... not able to convert string to float in python and how to train the model with this dataset. 5. Jul 18, 2023 · This article is aimed at providing information about converting the string to float. In Python, we can use float () to convert String to float. and we can use int () to convert a String to an integer. Input: "33.28" Output: 33.28 # float Explanation: int in input and float in output. When I try to replicate this behavior, the corr() method works OK but spits out a warning (shown below) that warns that the ignoring of non-numeric columns will be removed in the future.Aug 16, 2022 · To convert string to float we can use the function: .astype(float). If we try to do so for the column - amount: df['amount'].astype(float) we will face error: ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$10.00' Step 2: ValueError: Unable to parse string "$10.00" at position 0. We will see similar result if we try to convert the column to ... It is most likely a problem with the data. Since you don't have any point in the code where you attempt to convert to float, it must be that the data you have is in a form that prevents it from being read as a number by your parsing commands.Hi I'm running this code to pick up data from a serial port and convert them into values. The data are in this form: b'-1.379531 -0.050295 ' The lines that I use to convert them into float. def separa_dati (text): try: return float (text) except ValueError: return text if z1serial.is_open: k = 0 while k <100: size = z1serial.inWaiting () if ...1. Usually files has empty line at the end so probably you're trying to cast empty string to float. Instead of file_in.read ().split (' ') you could use: for line in file_in.readlines (): x.append (float (line)) Method readlines returns list of all lines from given file and skips last empty line if present. Share.When I try to replicate this behavior, the corr() method works OK but spits out a warning (shown below) that warns that the ignoring of non-numeric columns will be removed in the future.If you want to improve your model it is even recommended to normalize your model between -1;1 in general and therefore to use decimal numbers, hence the expectation of a float. In your case, your dataframe seems to contain exclusively string entries. As Dilara Gokay said, you first need to transform your strings into floats and to do so, use ...A try/except handles the ValueError that might occur when float tries to convert the input to a float. The problem is exactly what the Traceback log says: Could not convert string to float. If you have a string with only numbers, python's smart enough to do what you're trying and converts the string to a float.Sep 30, 2015 · Hi @adityashrm21,. In that case I assume that you are able to run your random forest. So I don’t know how to do this by using function, but it can be done by following steps - Aug 3, 2022 · This tutorial was tested with Python 3.9.6. Using the float() function. We can convert a string to float in Python using the float() function. This is a built-in function used to convert an object to a floating point number. Internally, the float() function calls specified object __float__() function. Example ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'john_smith' And 'john_smith' is a value from the first column of data (data[:,0]), since I defined this to be a string, I don't even understand why it tries to convert it to a float. Also: 'john_smith' is neither the first or the last element of the data array. So, what is wrong here? Working example:The problem is related to the fact that the string '0' is not the same as the numeric 0. The empty string '' can not be converted into a float. I suggest you look into the fillna() function for pandas as a quick way to convert all of the empty strings to nulls, and perhaps also use the pandas .map() function to convert the '0' strings to floats.Jul 26, 2023 · Here, we first created an empty string in Python and then had to loop over the string with commas, apply the conditional statement to remove the commas, and then convert the resultant string into a float in Python. The output is: 2999.99 <class 'float'>. This way, we can use the Naive method to convert string with comma to float in Python. Aug 23, 2023 · STILL GOT QUERIES? Get a Live FREE Demo. Explore the trending and niche courses and learning maps; Learn about tuition fee, payment plans, and scholarships; Get access to webinars and self-paced learning videos Matplotlib fails with ValueError: cannot convert float NaN to integer 0 TypeError: Image data of dtype object cannot be converted to float - Issue with HeatMap Plot using SeabornA string is a suitable type to convert to a float. But several string values are not suitable to convert to float: A value that contains non-special terms, for example, ‘nan’ is a special term, “bread” is not. A value that contains a commas, speech marks and other non alphanumeric characters. A value that contains spaces. Pythonは、コードの読みやすさが特徴的なプログラミング言語の1つです。 強い型付け、動的型付けに対応しており、後方互換性がないバージョン2系とバージョン3系が使用されています。Jan 6, 2019 · Jan 6, 2019 at 21:32. As explained in the answer, ValueError: could not convert string to float can occur when reading a dataframe from a csv file and casting types df = df [ ['p']].astype ( {'p': float}). If the csv was recorded with empty spaces, python will not recognize the space characters. ValueError: could not convert string to float. Now, i know it is a string but how can i convert it into a tuple type that can be read in the function, as the value contains commas and cannot be converted to float i think. the function takes in a tuple of three numbers separated by commas (RGB values) and returns the color Closet to it. MY CODE:Jan 6, 2022 · with open ("n38bn.txt", r, encoding="utf-8") as file: # Open the file for the length of the width block numbers = [float (line.strip ()) for line in file] # For each line, strip, convert to float and add to list result = sum (numbers) # Sum the list print ("The sum is", result) This uses a list comprehension to build the list in one line, and ... In Python, if you convert a string object into a floating point, you may face the ValueError could not convert the string to float numerous times. Usually, this happens if the string object is an invalid parameter to the float (). Code # decimal to float decimal_num = "10a" # invalid value float_num = float (decimal_num) float_num OutputJun 22, 2023 · When I try to replicate this behavior, the corr() method works OK but spits out a warning (shown below) that warns that the ignoring of non-numeric columns will be removed in the future. Jun 29, 2020 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'X_train' ... not able to convert string to float in python and how to train the model with this dataset. 5. The “ValueError: could not convert string to float:<>” is an exception that is raised when we attempt to convert a string that cannot be converted into float using the float() function, for example, an empty string and a string with non-numeric characters.You should change the order, right now you try to convert everything into floats, even blank spaces. while True: user_number = input ('Enter a number: ') if not user_number.isdigit (): print (number / count) break count += 1 number = number + float (user_number) Additionally, you should do the print of the average value before the break.1. I'm trying to build a simple program using tkinter and I want to assign the value that the user enters into an entry widget as a float variable, not a string. Here is my code: from tkinter import * root = Tk () x_entry = Entry (root) x_entry.pack () x_string=x_entry.get () def enter_click (event): x=float (x_string) print (x) enter_button ...Sep 23, 2021 · The machine cannot uderstand or work with string values. It only understands numeric values. So for example if you are doing a machine learning task, you would use libraries like OneHotEncoder, LabelEncoder etc to covert string values to numeric. For your case, you are working on a NLP task which uses text values instead of string values. Python float () float (value) is a built-in function in Python that converts the argument value to a float number. For example, float ('42') converts the string value '42' into the float number 42.0. Argument. value. A Python object to be converted into a float number.Python float () float (value) is a built-in function in Python that converts the argument value to a float number. For example, float ('42') converts the string value '42' into the float number 42.0. Argument. value. A Python object to be converted into a float number.I keep getting a valueerror: could not convert string to float: '1956-01' The code is supposed to scale the data for machine learning using minmax scaler, but its saying I have strings. I think the code converted it into datetime.Jun 27, 2021 · We can use data types like int, float, string, list, set… in our applications. When using different types of variables, it may be necessary to convert these to different types. Just like the str () function, Python also offers a handy built-in function that takes an object of type String as an argument and returns the corresponding Float object. The machine cannot uderstand or work with string values. It only understands numeric values. So for example if you are doing a machine learning task, you would use libraries like OneHotEncoder, LabelEncoder etc to covert string values to numeric. For your case, you are working on a NLP task which uses text values instead of string values.Apr 1, 2023 · Syntax. Python has different data types for a different set of values, Integers deals with numbers and float deals with both decimal and numeric characters, Boolean deals with Binary values ( True or False) and there are strings that could take alphanumeric values and python allows different data structures like list, Tuple, Dictionary & sets for working with different problems. However you can convert the numeric string to float by typecasting it. For example: >>> number_string = '123.5' >>> float (number_string) 123.5. Now coming to your second part, for calculating the sum of number. Let say your are having the string of multiple numbers. Firstly .split () the list, type-cast each item to float and then calculate ...If you are in a hurry, below quick examples will help you in understanding the different ways to convert a string to a float in Python. We will discuss them in detail with other important tips. # Quick Examples # Method 1: Convert string to float using float () string_to_float = float("123.45") # Method 2: Convert string to float using the ...5,534 3 25 36. asked Jul 21, 2019 at 14:51. Sudhanshu Kumar Tiwari. 1 1. 1. Somehow you are trying to convert the string 'f' to a float.It is probably in the .csv file. You'll have to find it and figure out why. – wwii.The Python ValueError: could not convert string to float occurs when you pass a string that can’t be converted into a float to the float() function. To resolve this error, you need to remove all elements that are non-compatible with float type like special characters and letters from the string.FWIW, you can use the standard unicodedata module to get the name of each char in string that's behaving mysteriously. Eg, if the string is s do import unicodedata as ud print(*map(ud.name, s), sep=', ').Mar 10, 2017 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'john_smith' And 'john_smith' is a value from the first column of data (data[:,0]), since I defined this to be a string, I don't even understand why it tries to convert it to a float. Also: 'john_smith' is neither the first or the last element of the data array. So, what is wrong here? Working example: ValueError: could not convert string to float: I want to replace these " " by NaN values, in a large dataframe. ... ValueError: could not convert string to float ...The problem is related to the fact that the string '0' is not the same as the numeric 0. The empty string '' can not be converted into a float. I suggest you look into the fillna() function for pandas as a quick way to convert all of the empty strings to nulls, and perhaps also use the pandas .map() function to convert the '0' strings to floats.Syntax. Python has different data types for a different set of values, Integers deals with numbers and float deals with both decimal and numeric characters, Boolean deals with Binary values ( True or False) and there are strings that could take alphanumeric values and python allows different data structures like list, Tuple, Dictionary & sets for working with different problems.How to overcome the Could not convert String to Float? Python Value Error: could not convert string to float dataframe (How can i find the position of the values)I keep getting a valueerror: could not convert string to float: '1956-01' The code is supposed to scale the data for machine learning using minmax scaler, but its saying I have strings. I think the code converted it into datetime. Let me clarify: The only table per file consists of four columns (time, temperature, humidity, dewpoint) and at some point (spanning roughly line 25 to 150 or so), only the value of humidity apparently is set to "--327", which python tries to convert to float and obviously fails to do.In: merged['platnosc_total'].astype(float) Out: ValueError: could not convert string to float: '7,50' Does this mean that the rest got converted, and only the row with 7,50 is the cause? How can I actually cast this field/column to float?

However OneHotEncoder does not support to fit_transform() of string. "ValueError: could not convert string to float" may happen during transform. You may use LabelEncoder to transfer from str to continuous numerical values. Then you are able to transfer by OneHotEncoder as you wish.. Armorer

couldn%27t convert string to float python

Maybe I should use other module to read CSV. I tried pandas right now, and it reads just fine as anyone would have expected, but OTOH I don't want to load huge package just to read CSV to array, and don't use it again...Here's the code. from numpy import asarray from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler scaler = MinMaxScaler (feature_range= (0,1)) rescaledX = scaler.fit_transform (X) and it always resulted in. ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'female'.A try/except handles the ValueError that might occur when float tries to convert the input to a float. The problem is exactly what the Traceback log says: Could not convert string to float. If you have a string with only numbers, python's smart enough to do what you're trying and converts the string to a float.Then you must convert the string to a comma. Python includes a built-in float() function for converting text to a floating point value. This function will come in handy when executing a mathematical operation on a string object. A string is an appropriate type to convert to a float. However, specific string values cannot be converted to float.The Python ValueError: could not convert string to float occurs when you pass a string that can’t be converted into a float to the float() function. To resolve this error, you need to remove all elements that are non-compatible with float type like special characters and letters from the string.Python "ValueError: could not convert string to float: %". Create a function called format_change which takes a string such as those in the Change column and does the following: def format_change (string): if string [-1] == "%": string = string [-1] str_as_float = float (string) if str_as_float > 0: str_as_float = str_as_float * 100 return str ... The Python ValueError: could not convert string to float occurs when you pass a string that can’t be converted into a float to the float() function. To resolve this error, you need to remove all elements that are non-compatible with float type like special characters and letters from the string.May 16, 2019 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: I want to replace these " " by NaN values, in a large dataframe. ... ValueError: could not convert string to float ... Python supports type conversion in which Python provides us different inbuilt methods such as float(), str(), bool(), int(), etc. to convert a data type of an object. . There are some rules associated with Python data type conversion, and if we make some mistake with them, we get the valueerNov 9, 2021 · Matplotlib fails with ValueError: cannot convert float NaN to integer 0 TypeError: Image data of dtype object cannot be converted to float - Issue with HeatMap Plot using Seaborn Mar 10, 2017 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'john_smith' And 'john_smith' is a value from the first column of data (data[:,0]), since I defined this to be a string, I don't even understand why it tries to convert it to a float. Also: 'john_smith' is neither the first or the last element of the data array. So, what is wrong here? Working example: Jun 29, 2020 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'X_train' ... not able to convert string to float in python and how to train the model with this dataset. 5. The problem is related to the fact that the string '0' is not the same as the numeric 0. The empty string '' can not be converted into a float. I suggest you look into the fillna() function for pandas as a quick way to convert all of the empty strings to nulls, and perhaps also use the pandas .map() function to convert the '0' strings to floats.The Python ValueError: could not convert string to float occurs when you pass a string that can’t be converted into a float to the float() function. To resolve this error, you need to remove all elements that are non-compatible with float type like special characters and letters from the string.You're getting this because your series is string, but it contains some NAs, which actually get represented in pandas as nan, which is a float value (that's how pd.read_csv() will handle it). That's why pandas gives a strange warning claiming the string series is a float: Solution: first, fill any NA values in your string column with empty-string:To convert string to float in Python, you can use the “float()” function. Pass the string you want to convert as an argument to the float() function, and it will return the float value. Syntaxf1 = float ( "123.123" ) # output: 123.123 f2 = float ( "1" ) # output: 1.0 f3 = float ( 1 ) # output: 1.0. As you can see the above strings were converted into a floating object. The only thing you should keep in mind is that the string should contain a numerical decimal or integer value, only then would the float function be able to convert ...Jan 6, 2019 · Jan 6, 2019 at 21:32. As explained in the answer, ValueError: could not convert string to float can occur when reading a dataframe from a csv file and casting types df = df [ ['p']].astype ( {'p': float}). If the csv was recorded with empty spaces, python will not recognize the space characters. What this does is splits every item at the '-', and takes the first part and converts it to float. Items like this '9.8-10.0 ' cannot directly be converted to a float as they consist of a - in them. So you need to decide whether you want the first part (before -) to be converted to float or the second part (after the -).Python "ValueError: could not convert string to float: %". Create a function called format_change which takes a string such as those in the Change column and does the following: def format_change (string): if string [-1] == "%": string = string [-1] str_as_float = float (string) if str_as_float > 0: str_as_float = str_as_float * 100 return str ....

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